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A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics

Max Planck introduced energy quantisation in his explanation of blackbody radiation

1900

1905

​Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by treating light as composed of discrete quanta

Consistent mathematical framework for QM established:

-Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics

-Schrödinger’s wave mechanics.

1925

Copenhagen interpretation 

introduced. It predicts the results of measurements, without claiming to describe what particles are doing when they are not being observed.

1927

Louis de Broglie proposed particles have a definite positions, but are guided by a wave. This was an early form of a hidden-variable theory, meaning that aspects of reality are assumed to exist even if not directly observed

This indicated that classical, continuous descriptions of nature were inadequate at microscopic scales, and led to thedevelopment of a new field: Quantum Mechanics

Hugh Everett proposed the Many-Worlds interpretation. Upon measurement all possible outcomes occur, each in its own branch of the universe

David Bohm developed this idea into a complete theory, now known as pilot-wave or Bohmian mechanics.

1952

1957

1964

John Bell showed that any theory

based on local hidden variables must satisfy certain mathematical limits, now known as Bell’s inequalities.

​These limits made it possible to test competing interpretations experimentally.

Experiments carried out by John Clauser and later Alain Aspect

violated Bell’s inequalities.

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1972

1982

These results ruled out a large class of local hidden-variable

theories and showed that any viable interpretation of quantum mechanics must involve either

non-local effects or a departure from classical ideas about reality.

John Cramer introduced the transactional interpretation. In this approach, quantum events are described using a time-symmetric process, where waves travel both forward and backward in

time to determine an outcome.

1986

IMBD was launched online, it is the world’s most widely used source for information on film, television, and celebrities.

1990

IMBD is designed to help audiences explore stories, compare works, and decide what to watch next. IMDb enables users to rediscover trailers and titles and to share evaluations and opinions with a large global community. We

think it is time physics had something similar.

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